How to start e-waste ITAD in Alaska: licensing, costs, and first steps

Last updated 2026-08-17

Do you need a license for e-waste ITAD in Alaska?

Alaska does not have a dedicated statewide e-waste recycler license. The legislature has never passed a manufacturer take-back or recycler registration law equivalent to California's E-Waste Recycling Act or Washington's E-Cycle program. There is no Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC) e-waste permit you fill out before opening your doors.

That said, 'no state e-waste license' does not mean 'no paperwork.' You still need a standard Alaska business license from the Division of Corporations, Business and Professional Licensing, which costs $50 for the first year and renews annually ^[1]. If you handle cathode ray tubes (CRTs), lead-acid batteries, or any material that meets the federal definition of hazardous waste, the U.S. EPA's Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) applies directly. Under RCRA, handlers generating or managing hazardous secondary materials must obtain an EPA Identification Number through the e-Manifest system, and larger-volume operations may need a hazardous waste transporter or treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD) permit ^[11].

Municipalities add another layer. Anchorage, Fairbanks, and Juneau each require a local business license or conditional-use permit if you operate a warehouse or processing facility. Zoning matters. E-waste processing is usually classified as light industrial, and operating in a commercial-only zone is a quick path to a cease-and-desist.

For commercial clients, a government-issue license is almost beside the point. What they actually check is your third-party certification. R2 (Responsible Recycling) and e-Stewards are the two standards the market recognizes. Without one of them, you will lose enterprise, healthcare, and government contracts to certified competitors. Alaska's licensing bar is genuinely low. The market's certification bar is not.

See the companion piece on e-waste ITAD license in Alaska for the full permit matrix including EPA ID number steps and local zoning considerations.

What federal rules actually govern e-waste operations in Alaska?

Because Alaska skipped a state recycler law, federal rules fill the gap more completely here than in most lower-48 states.

RCRA is the backbone. The Universal Waste regulations (40 CFR Part 273) cover batteries, mercury-containing lamps, and pesticide-containing electronics under a lighter regulatory touch than full hazardous waste rules, but they still require proper labeling, storage time limits, and approved destination facilities ^[11]. CRTs sent for recycling have their own conditional exemption under 40 CFR 261.4(a)(22), and the exemption has conditions: the CRTs must go to a legitimate CRT recycler, not a landfill, and the handler must keep records ^[12].

DOT Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) rules govern how you ship lithium batteries, which sit in virtually every laptop and smartphone you'll ever process. Lithium-ion batteries are Class 9 hazardous materials. Shipments must comply with 49 CFR 173.185, covering state-of-charge limits, packaging, and labeling ^[3]. This matters more in Alaska than anywhere else because nearly everything moves by air or barge, and both modes have carrier-specific restrictions on lithium battery quantities per shipment.

The FCC does not license recyclers. If you refurbish and resell devices, the FCC's equipment authorization rules apply to any device you modify enough to change its radio frequency characteristics. Most ITAD operators doing standard data wipe and resale are fine. Firms doing board-level repair should confirm with an FCC-certified lab.

OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200) requires you to keep Safety Data Sheets for any hazardous substances workers encounter, including lead, cadmium, and mercury found in older electronics ^[4]. Alaska OSHA runs under a State Plan approved by federal OSHA, so the state rules are at least as strict as federal ones. Train your staff before they touch the first pallet.

How much does e-waste ITAD cost to start in Alaska?

Startup costs in Alaska run higher than the continental U.S. average, mostly because of freight. Everything you buy, from pallet jacks to shredders to PPE, costs more when it travels through Seattle and onto a barge or cargo plane.

Here is a realistic first-year cost range based on facility type:

Cost Item	Small (collection-only)	Mid-size (processing)	Notes
Business license (state)	$50	$50	Annual renewal [1]
EPA ID number	$0	$0	No fee, but requires site visit for some TSD operations [11]
Facility lease (Anchorage, per sq ft/yr)	$18-$28	$18-$28	Confirm with local commercial brokers
Equipment (basic: shelving, pallets, forklifts)	$5,000-$15,000	$20,000-$60,000	Alaska freight adds 15-30% to lower-48 quotes
R2 or e-Stewards certification audit	$3,000-$8,000	$5,000-$15,000	Depends on facility complexity [5]
Insurance (GL + pollution liability, yr 1)	$4,000-$9,000	$8,000-$20,000	Pollution riders are non-negotiable for ITAD
Downstream vendor vetting	$500-$1,500	$1,500-$4,000	R2 requires documented due diligence
Data destruction tools (software + hardware)	$1,500-$5,000	$5,000-$20,000	NIST 800-88 compliance drives spec

Total first-year cash outlay for a lean collection-and-consolidation operation in Anchorage runs roughly $25,000 to $55,000 before payroll. A full processing facility with a degausser and hard drive shredder lands closer to $80,000 to $150,000 once Alaska freight is factored in. Nobody has good Alaska-specific ITAD startup data in published form. These ranges come from public R2 auditor fee disclosures ^[5] and Alaska commercial real estate survey data, adjusted for known freight premiums.

Logistics dominate your variable costs in ways that surprise operators moving from the lower-48. Shipping a 40,000-lb container of processed e-scrap from Anchorage to a smelter in the continental U.S. adds meaningful freight cost per ton compared to a facility in, say, Colorado. Build that into your downstream revenue model from day one.

If you're working through your certification paperwork and want a pre-assembled checklist of what R2 and e-Stewards auditors actually look for, EWastePath's $179 one-time kit at /start covers that document set specifically for new operators.

How long does e-waste ITAD take to set up in Alaska?

Getting legally open, meaning you have a business license and EPA ID number, takes two to eight weeks from the day you start the paperwork. The Alaska business license application is online and DCBPL usually processes it within five to ten business days ^[1]. The EPA ID number, obtained through EPA's myRCRAid portal, typically generates within two to four weeks for a standard small-quantity generator designation ^[11].

The longer timeline is certification, and certification is what separates 'legally open' from 'commercially competitive.' The R2 certification process, from initial application to receiving your certificate, takes most new facilities four to nine months. That includes a gap analysis by a SERI-accredited certification body, a corrective action period, and the formal audit ^[5]. e-Stewards certification runs a similar timeline. Neither body publishes a guaranteed turnaround. Actual time depends on how quickly you close out audit findings.

Local permitting in Anchorage or Fairbanks adds time if you need a conditional-use permit or a change-of-use approval on a facility. Those processes run 30 to 90 days depending on the municipality and whether there are public comment periods.

Realistically, plan for this timeline:

• Weeks 1-2: Business license application, EPA ID application, lease signing
• Weeks 3-8: Facility buildout, equipment installation, staff hiring
• Months 2-3: Gap analysis and pre-audit with chosen certification body
• Months 3-7: Corrective action, policy writing, documented trial period
• Months 6-9: Certification audit and certificate issuance

You can start accepting and processing material before you're certified, and many operators do. Be transparent with early clients that certification is in progress, and do not market yourself as certified until the certificate is in hand. Misrepresenting certification status to clients is a contract issue and, in some cases, a fraud exposure.

What certifications do Alaska ITAD operators actually need?

No Alaska law requires R2 or e-Stewards certification. Both are voluntary private standards. But calling them optional is misleading in practice.

The federal General Services Administration (GSA) and most large Alaska state agency IT procurement contracts now specify certified recyclers in their disposal clauses. Healthcare clients operating under HIPAA need documented chain-of-custody and data destruction verification that uncertified shops struggle to produce credibly. The University of Alaska system and municipal governments in Anchorage have moved toward certified vendors for surplus IT disposal.

R2 (Responsible Recycling) is administered by SERI (Sustainable Electronics Recycling International). The standard covers downstream vendor accountability, data sanitization, environmental health and safety, and worker protection. R2v3, the current version as of 2020, is the version auditors test against ^[5].

e-Stewards is administered by Basel Action Network and tends to be favored by clients with strong export-restriction policies, since e-Stewards prohibits export of hazardous e-waste to non-OECD countries more explicitly than R2 ^[6].

Choose one and pursue it. Holding both is possible but expensive. For most new Alaska operators, R2 is the more commercially useful starting point because more downstream smelters and vendors recognize it. e-Stewards is worth layering in later if your client mix skews toward NGOs, universities, or internationally-conscious enterprises.

NIST SP 800-88 is the federal data sanitization standard your data destruction process should be built around ^[7]. It is not a certification itself, but R2 and e-Stewards both reference it, and enterprise clients will ask for it by name.

How does Alaska's geography change the ITAD business model?

Alaska is roughly 2.5 times the size of Texas, with most of its population concentrated in three metro areas: Anchorage (about 291,000 people), Fairbanks (about 32,000), and Juneau (about 32,000) ^[8]. The rest of the state is connected by air or water, not road.

This geographic reality reshapes every part of the ITAD model.

Collection is harder. Rural clients, including remote schools, clinics, and government offices served by the Alaska Rural Utility Collaborative and similar entities, cannot easily haul a pallet of old computers to your facility. Mobile collection events or coordinated air-freight pickups are the only realistic options, and the cost per pound collected in rural Alaska is multiples of what it costs in Anchorage.

Downstream shipping is the single biggest operational constraint. Alaska has no in-state smelter or end-processor for the metals and plastics in e-scrap. Everything goes out of state, either through the port of Anchorage to Seattle or via air freight for high-value items. Your downstream contracts must account for round-trip logistics in a way that lower-48 competitors never face.

Anchorage is the logical base for any new operator. It has the port, the airport infrastructure, the commercial real estate, and the population density to make collection economics work. Fairbanks is a secondary market worth serving once you have Anchorage operations stable, particularly for military and university accounts at Fort Wainwright and UAF.

Seasonal timing matters too. The Port of Anchorage operates year-round, but barge services to some rural communities are seasonal. If you're building a reverse-logistics model that touches rural Alaska, map out the seasonal service calendar before committing to SLA turnaround times with clients.

What insurance do you need for an Alaska e-waste ITAD operation?

Three policies are non-negotiable before you accept your first pallet.

General liability insurance covers bodily injury and property damage at your facility and during pickup. A $1 million per-occurrence, $2 million aggregate policy is the floor most commercial clients require in their vendor contracts. Alaska insurers generally price GL for e-waste operations at $3,000 to $7,000 per year for a small facility, though your exact quote depends on revenue, square footage, and claims history.

Pollution liability (also called environmental impairment liability) covers cleanup costs and third-party claims if hazardous materials, such as lead dust from CRT processing or battery acid from damaged cells, contaminate your site or a neighboring property. Standard GL policies specifically exclude pollution events. A standalone pollution policy for a small ITAD operation runs $2,000 to $6,000 per year in most Alaska markets. Confirm current pricing with a broker who writes environmental lines specifically.

Cargo and transit insurance covers electronics while in your custody during transport. Given Alaska freight distances and the value density of refurbished IT equipment, this is worth carrying. Most freight carriers offer declared-value coverage, but it typically excludes fragile items without specific riders.

If you store client data-bearing devices before destruction, you should also consider cyber liability coverage. A breach of client data during your custody is your liability, not the client's, once the device is in your possession. Cyber policies for small operators start around $1,500 to $3,000 per year.

Alaska requires workers' compensation for any employee, with no minimum employee count threshold. The Alaska Workers' Compensation Division administers this requirement. Confirm current rates and filing requirements directly with them ^[9].

How do you handle data destruction requirements in Alaska?

Data destruction is where ITAD earns its premium over pure recycling. Clients paying for ITAD are paying for documented proof that their data is gone, more than for someone to haul their equipment away.

NIST SP 800-88 Revision 1 (2014) is the controlling federal guideline for media sanitization ^[7]. It defines three methods: Clear (overwrite), Purge (degaussing or cryptographic erase), and Destroy (physical shredding or disintegration). The method required depends on the sensitivity classification of the data and the media type. Solid-state drives require a different approach than spinning magnetic drives. Overwriting alone does not reliably sanitize all cells on an SSD, which is why degaussing or physical destruction is standard for high-security clients.

For commercial clients, a Certificate of Data Destruction (CoDD) is the deliverable they need for their own compliance documentation. Your CoDD should include the serial number of each device, the destruction method used, the date, the technician's name, and your company name and certification status. Some clients also want chain-of-custody logs from pickup through destruction.

Software-based erasure tools like Blancco or similar certified platforms generate audit logs that satisfy most enterprise and healthcare requirements. For government clients in Alaska, particularly those under FISMA or DoD data handling rules, physical destruction of drives is often contractually required regardless of software erasure capability.

Alaska's distance from lower-48 shredding facilities means many operators buy an in-house hard drive shredder rather than shipping drives south for destruction. A dedicated hard drive shredder capable of meeting NSA/CSS EPL standards runs $15,000 to $60,000 depending on throughput capacity. For a new operator, the math usually favors a smaller in-house unit over the freight and chain-of-custody complexity of shipping unshredded drives.

What does the downstream vendor chain look like for Alaska ITAD operators?

Under R2 and e-Stewards, you are responsible for what happens to material downstream, more than what happens in your facility. You need documented contracts and audit rights with every downstream vendor who touches your material.

For Alaska operators, the downstream chain typically looks like this: you collect and process material in Anchorage, consolidate it by material type (ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals, mixed plastics, circuit boards, CRTs if you still handle them), and ship consolidated loads to lower-48 processors. Common destinations include smelters and processors in California, Washington, and Texas that hold their own R2 or ISO 14001 certifications.

Vet every downstream vendor before signing a contract. R2 requires you to document that downstream vendors meet equivalent environmental, health, and safety standards. Keep their certificates on file and set calendar reminders to pull updated certificates annually. A downstream vendor whose certification lapses takes your compliance posture down with it.

For high-value items like functional laptops and phones that get refurbished and resold, your downstream chain is a secondary market remarketer or an auction platform. The revenue from refurbished devices often subsidizes the cost of processing lower-value material. Build your revenue model around a realistic mix. In Alaska's market, expect a higher percentage of older, lower-value equipment than you'd see in a tech-dense metro like Seattle.

If you're comparing operational models across states, the how to start e-waste ITAD in Colorado guide covers a state with deep downstream infrastructure that offers a useful contrast to Alaska's logistics constraints.

How do you find your first clients for e-waste ITAD in Alaska?

Alaska's commercial IT market is smaller than most lower-48 states, but it is not thin. The state government, the military, the University of Alaska system, healthcare networks, the oil and gas industry, and the fishing industry all generate steady IT equipment turnover.

The fastest path to first revenue is usually the state and municipal government sector. Alaska's Department of Administration handles state surplus property, and agencies with surplus IT equipment need documented disposal. Getting on the state's approved vendor list requires a business license, and some contracts require proof of insurance and certification. Start there because the contracts are repeatable and the documentation requirements force you to build good operational habits early.

Military installations, including Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson (JBER) near Anchorage, Fort Wainwright near Fairbanks, and Eielson Air Force Base, generate large volumes of IT equipment on regular replacement cycles. Military disposal typically requires DoD-level data destruction documentation and often prefers vendors with existing DCSA or similar security clearances for certain classified media. This is a longer sales cycle but a very stable revenue base.

Schools and the University of Alaska system are reliable mid-tier accounts. The Alaska Department of Education and Early Development funds technology upgrades through E-Rate and other federal programs, which generate periodic disposal needs. School district technology directors are often the decision-makers.

Cold-call outreach works less well than relationship selling in a state where who you know matters more than almost anywhere in the lower-48. Join the Alaska Chamber of Commerce, attend municipal government procurement expos, and show up in person. Alaska is a big state in area and a small state in social network.

How does starting ITAD in Alaska compare to neighboring or similar states?

Alaska sits at an unusual intersection: no state e-waste law means a low regulatory startup bar, but geographic isolation means high operational costs. Compare that to its neighbors and similar-sized markets:

State	State E-Waste Law	Recycler Registration Required	Approximate Startup Cost Range	Key Constraint
Alaska	None	No	$25,000-$150,000	Freight, downstream logistics
Washington	Yes (E-Cycle WA)	Yes, registered collector	$20,000-$120,000	Manufacturer program compliance
California	Yes (CESR)	Yes, licensed	$30,000-$200,000	CEC authorization, covered electronic waste fees
Colorado	None (as of 2025)	No	$15,000-$80,000	Competitive market, good downstream access
Alabama	None	No	$10,000-$60,000	Smaller commercial market

Washington's E-Cycle Washington program ^[10] requires collectors to register with the program, which adds a layer Alaska doesn't have but also provides a built-in client referral mechanism through the program's collection site finder. California's e-waste ITAD license in California is the most document-intensive in the country.

For a startup with limited capital, Alaska's low regulatory bar is genuinely attractive. The tradeoff is that you're building a logistics-heavy operation in one of the country's most expensive freight markets. Operators who succeed here usually have a specific client anchor, a government contract, a military base relationship, or an oil company account, before they open the facility rather than planning to find clients afterward.

If you're choosing between Alaska and a lower-48 state, also look at how to start e-waste ITAD in Alabama and how to start e-waste ITAD in Arizona for comparison. Both have simpler logistics and larger addressable markets per square mile.

What's the realistic first-year revenue picture for Alaska ITAD?

Nobody publishes Alaska-specific ITAD revenue benchmarks. The closest data comes from SERI's market research, which found the U.S. electronics recycling and ITAD market generated approximately $20 billion in revenue in 2021, distributed across roughly 4,000 certified and uncertified facilities nationwide ^[5]. That's an average that hides enormous variation by geography and service mix.

For a new Alaska operator, realistic first-year gross revenue depends almost entirely on whether you have an anchor client before you open. An operator with a single mid-size government contract ($150,000 to $400,000 in asset value processed) might gross $30,000 to $80,000 in service fees and material recovery in year one. An operator starting without a committed client will likely spend most of year one building the pipeline and gross less.

Revenue in ITAD comes from three sources: service fees (clients pay you to take their equipment), material recovery (you sell processed scrap and refurbished devices), and data destruction fees (premium billing for certified destruction). In Alaska, service fees carry more weight than in lower-48 markets because material recovery is partially offset by higher outbound freight costs.

Price your service fees to cover your fully-loaded cost including freight, more than your facility cost. A common mistake for new operators is pricing based on what lower-48 competitors charge, which does not account for Alaska's logistics premium. At EWastePath's /start resource, the startup kit includes a cost-modeling worksheet that helps new operators build Alaska-realistic pricing from the ground up.

Profitability typically comes in year two or three, after certification is in place, the first client contracts are renewing, and you've tightened your downstream freight consolidation schedule.

Frequently asked questions

Do you need a license for e-waste ITAD in Alaska?

Alaska has no statewide e-waste recycler license. You need a standard Alaska business license ($50/year) from the Division of Corporations, Business and Professional Licensing, and an EPA ID number if you handle materials that qualify as hazardous waste under RCRA. Municipal permits vary by city. R2 or e-Stewards certification is not legally required but is effectively required by most commercial clients.

How much does e-waste ITAD cost to start in Alaska?

A lean collection-only operation in Anchorage typically costs $25,000 to $55,000 in year one, including business license, insurance, equipment, and R2 certification audit fees. A full processing facility with a hard drive shredder runs $80,000 to $150,000 once Alaska freight premiums on equipment are factored in. These are estimates; get current quotes from Alaska commercial real estate brokers and equipment vendors.

How long does e-waste ITAD take to set up in Alaska?

Getting legally open, meaning business license and EPA ID number in hand, takes two to eight weeks. Achieving R2 or e-Stewards certification, which most commercial clients require, takes four to nine months from initial application to certificate. Local zoning or conditional-use permits in Anchorage or Fairbanks add 30 to 90 days if required for your facility.

Does Alaska have a state e-waste recycling law?

No. Alaska has not enacted a manufacturer take-back or recycler registration law. There is no statewide e-waste collection program equivalent to Washington's E-Cycle or California's CESR. Federal EPA rules under RCRA and the Universal Waste regulations apply, but no Alaska-specific e-waste statute requires recycler registration or reporting.

What is an EPA ID number and do I need one for e-waste in Alaska?

An EPA ID number identifies your facility in the federal hazardous waste tracking system under RCRA. You need one if you generate, transport, or manage hazardous secondary materials, including CRTs, batteries, and mercury-containing devices. The number is free and obtained through EPA's myRCRAid online portal. Processing time is typically two to four weeks.

Is R2 or e-Stewards certification required in Alaska?

Neither is legally required by Alaska law. Both are voluntary private standards. However, most government agencies, healthcare clients, and enterprise accounts in Alaska specify certified recyclers in their vendor contracts. Starting without certification is possible, but it limits you to smaller clients and lower-margin work. Most serious operators pursue R2 first, then layer in e-Stewards if client demand warrants it.

How do lithium battery shipping rules affect Alaska ITAD operations?

Lithium-ion batteries are Class 9 hazardous materials under DOT rules (49 CFR 173.185). In Alaska, where most freight moves by air or barge, carrier restrictions on lithium battery quantities per shipment are stricter than ground transport. Airlines and cargo carriers impose their own quantity and state-of-charge limits. Build battery segregation, state-of-charge testing, and carrier pre-approval into your intake process before you accept the first laptop.

What data destruction standard should Alaska ITAD operators follow?

NIST SP 800-88 Revision 1 is the controlling federal guideline. It defines Clear, Purge, and Destroy methods by media type. Solid-state drives require cryptographic erase or physical destruction; overwriting alone is insufficient. R2 and e-Stewards both reference NIST 800-88. Government and military clients in Alaska often contractually require physical destruction regardless of software erasure capability.

Can you operate e-waste ITAD in rural Alaska?

Technically yes, but the economics are difficult. Rural Alaska lacks road connections to processing facilities, so everything moves by air or seasonal barge. Collection cost per pound in rural areas is multiples of Anchorage costs. Most operators base in Anchorage and run periodic mobile collection events or air-freight pickups to rural accounts rather than operating a second facility. Start in Anchorage; expand to rural service later.

What insurance do Alaska ITAD operators need?

At minimum: general liability ($1M/$2M is standard), pollution liability (GL policies exclude environmental events), and cargo/transit insurance for equipment in your custody. Cyber liability is strongly advisable if you store data-bearing devices before destruction. Alaska also requires workers' compensation with no minimum employee threshold. Get quotes from brokers who write environmental lines, not standard commercial lines.

How do I find my first clients for e-waste ITAD in Alaska?

Government and military contracts are the fastest path to stable recurring revenue. The Alaska Department of Administration manages state surplus property disposal. Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson and Fort Wainwright generate large IT turnover. The University of Alaska system and school districts are reliable mid-tier accounts. Alaska's business culture rewards in-person relationships; joining the Alaska Chamber of Commerce and showing up at procurement events matters more than digital marketing.

Do Alaska ITAD operators need a hazardous waste transporter license?

If you transport your own hazardous waste to a disposal or treatment facility, you need an EPA hazardous waste transporter ID under RCRA. If you only collect and consolidate material at your facility for pickup by a licensed transporter, you typically do not need a transporter license yourself. Confirm the specific threshold and applicability with ADEC and your EPA regional office (Region 10 covers Alaska).

What is the minimum viable setup to start e-waste ITAD in Anchorage?

At minimum: Alaska business license, EPA ID number (if handling hazardous materials), a commercial lease in a light-industrial zone, basic material handling equipment (pallet jacks, shelving, a scale), general liability and pollution liability insurance, and documented downstream vendor contracts. Software-based data erasure and a Certificate of Data Destruction template round out the basic toolkit. R2 certification can follow once you have initial operations running.

How does Alaska's e-waste ITAD market compare to Washington State?

Washington has E-Cycle Washington, a manufacturer-funded take-back program that requires collector registration but also provides a built-in client referral network. Alaska has no equivalent program, so operators must build their client base entirely through direct sales. Washington has far better downstream processor access. Alaska has lower regulatory startup costs but higher freight costs and a smaller addressable market. Washington is a more competitive but operationally simpler market.

Sources

1. Alaska Division of Corporations, Business and Professional Licensing - Business License Application: Alaska business license costs $50 for the first year and renews annually
2. U.S. DOT PHMSA - 49 CFR 173.185 Lithium cells and batteries: Lithium-ion batteries are Class 9 hazardous materials subject to state-of-charge limits, packaging, and labeling requirements under 49 CFR 173.185
3. OSHA - Hazard Communication Standard 29 CFR 1910.1200: OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard requires Safety Data Sheets for hazardous substances workers encounter, including lead, cadmium, and mercury found in electronics
4. SERI - R2 Certification Overview and Auditor Requirements: R2 certification audit fees and timeline: four to nine months for new facilities; auditor fees range from $3,000 to $15,000 depending on facility complexity
5. Basel Action Network - e-Stewards Standard Overview: e-Stewards prohibits export of hazardous e-waste to non-OECD countries and is favored by clients with strong export-restriction policies
6. NIST Special Publication 800-88 Revision 1 - Guidelines for Media Sanitization: NIST SP 800-88 Revision 1 defines Clear, Purge, and Destroy sanitization methods by media type; overwriting alone does not reliably sanitize SSDs
7. U.S. EPA - Universal Waste Regulations 40 CFR Part 273: Universal Waste regulations cover batteries, mercury-containing lamps, and certain electronics under lighter regulatory requirements than full hazardous waste rules, with storage time limits and approved destination requirements; RCRA handlers must obtain an EPA ID number
8. U.S. EPA - CRT Exemption 40 CFR 261.4(a)(22): CRTs being sent for recycling have a conditional exemption under 40 CFR 261.4(a)(22), requiring they go to a legitimate CRT recycler and that records are kept